Portrayal of Women in Homers Odyssey Essay -- Homer Odyssey womody

The Portrayal of Women inHomers OdysseyIn the first section of Odyssey, deathlike women are presented to us as controlled by the stereotypes and expectations of the culture of the day, and it is only within that context that we can consider the examples Homer provides of women to be admired or despised. He provides us with clear contrasts, between Penelope and Eurycleia on the one hand, and Helen and Clytemnaestra on the other. In Penelopes case, it is made clear that her freedom of action is strictly controlled. Antinous feels free to advise Telemachus that as Odysseus is assumed dead, it is expected that Helen will choose another husband, or her father should do so for her. Telemachus does not challenge the logical system of this, merely attacks the suitors behaviour and questions whether Odysseus is dead. And so Penelope is reduced to using the passive and feminine defences of keeping the suitors waiting for a decision, and resorting to the subterfuge of weaving and unweaving he r loom daily. We overly witness Penelope being put in her place by Telemachus when she comes do...

The War Of Religion And Science Due To Their Similarities And Diff :: essays research papers fc

The War of Religion and accomplishment Due to Their Similarities andDifferences Samantha PavlakosMs. Smith breach 6English Term PaperMarch 13, 2000OutlineThesis In the book Phantoms, Dean Koontz relates the warbetween religion and science done the defeat of a occultbeing.I. ReligionA. Similarities to science from the theological ensureB. Differences to science from the theological view1. wherefore they are opposite from the theological view2. How to overcome at that place differences from a theological viewII. ScienceA. Similarities to religion from a scientific viewB. Differences to religion from a scientific view1. Why they are different from a scientific view2. How to overcome these differences from a scientific view III. SupernaturalA. World view of the supernaturalB. How the book uses the supernatural to show the war between religion and science.For many years, there has been a so-called war betweenreligion and science. religion is a powerful worldview as is science. Many people around the world believe in the existence of both religionand science. Unfortunately, the conflict between the two is partiallydue to the particular that they are so similar provided so different. Both religionand science expect a person to rely on information that is sometimesunexplainable. In the book , Phantoms, Dean Koontz relates thiswar between religion and science through the defeat of asupernatural being.There are many different religions that fill this world. Religionrequires a person to believe that some events are unexplainable, andthat a person should just believe because God, or some other varietywanted life to be this way (Hall 26). A person is expected to believewithout a foundation of reason. This relates to science becausetheories are reasons that have not yet been proven. A scientistexpects for a person to believe a theory because it is a reasonableexplanation, even if it is not a proven explanation. Scientists have been accused of state that religi on is only abelief, and that there is a scientific explanation for everything, but ifthis is true, how come all things in life cannot be explained (Hall 27)? Hall says, Science cannot explain how a man can survive somethingwhen it is impossible to survive. But can religion explain this? According to a theologian, a person who studies religion, there is anexplanation. Hall says, God has a plan for everyone. It is almost likea outline of life. If you are expected to do something before you died,the nothing will stop you. There are also many things in religion that are unexplained. How can a man rise from the dead?

Capital Punishment Essays -- essays research papers fc

Capital PunishmentHe is escorted down to a fashion with handcuffs on both arms and feet. The tension in the room causes nervousness and a stirring in his stomach, which entombs his dinner from the night before. He is told to micturate a seat. Still in query of his fate he notices the witnesses and their various expressions. His family is grief-stricken, a sharp contrast to the family of the brutally murdered, for which he was found guilty of. If that they knew what he knew for they would not be strapping him into the chair, soaking a sponge, and placing it on top of his head along with the metal skullcap. If they knew the truth there would be soulfulness in his place today. But alas, the truth dies along with the innocent. Capital Punishment, as read in the scene above, has importance in times dating pole to ancient civilizations. Its purpose is to permanently disband those unfit to live with society. Even knowing its prominent background, in modern times there is doubt whethe r or not it is shut away necessary. Today, in the twenty-first century, there are currently 38 states with the death punishment. The other twelve have life with out(a) parole as the maximum sentence. In the practicing states there were 66 executions carried out in 2001, 85 in 2000, and 98 in 1999. If this trend continues there forget be even fewer this year. The states leading execution are Texas and Oklahoma, as of 2001. Texas carried out nearly 26% of the 66 executions and Oklahoma leads with 28%. By orbit the South carries out 79% of the U.S. executions, with the Midwest at 15%, the West at 6% and the Northeast at 0%. ( terminal Penalty Info.)The reasons why someone may be sentenced with capital punishment vary from state to state. The most common factors include first-degree murder and aggravated kidnapping. According to the poet Hyman Barshay, The death penalty is a warning, just like a lighthouse throwing its beams out to sea. We hear about shipwrecks, but we do not hear about the ships the lighthouse guides safely on their way. We do not have proof of the number of ships it saves, but we do not tear the lighthouse down. Barshay and other pro death penalty supporters believe that the death penalty deters would be killers. A person would be less likely to do something if he or she thinks that harm will stick with to them. This is basic human... ... Due to the fact that it costs more to support life with out parole, the money saved from capital punishment can be employ to help society in a better way. Both sides have their point in this argument. Although many oppose capital punishment, in most states it is still active whether they believe in it or not, and are still punishable by it. Its the choice of society to take a stance and certify their opinion. BibliographyDeath Penalty Information Center 29 April 2002Press release, Death Penalty Information Center, Oct. 27, 1992Denno, Deborah W., Is Electrocution an Unconstitutional Method of Execution? The Engineering of Death over the Century, 35 WILLIAM & MARY L. REV. 551, 664-665 (1994).Karwath, Rob & Susan Kuczka, Gacy Execution Delay Blamed on Clogged IV Tube, CHICAGO TRIB., May 11, 1994, at 1 (Metro Lake Section).Kwok, Abraham, guesswork The No-Fuss Executioner, ARIZONA REPUBLIC, Feb. 28, 1993, at 1.Pro Death Penalty 29 April 2002

Tragedy and Redemption in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay -- Toni Morris

Tragedy and Redemption in Beloved This is not a story to pass on.(1) With these enigmatic words, Toni Morrison brings to a conclusion a genuinely rich, very complicated novel, in which slavery and its repercussions are brought into focus, examined, and reassembled to yield a story of tragedy and redemption. The peculiar institution of slavery has been the basis for many literary works from Roots to Beloved, with particular emphasis on the physical, mental, and spiritual violence characteristic of the practice of slavery in the South. A far greater attaint than slavery itself is the violence that was directed against slave women in the name of slavery. Slave women bore the heaviest burden of slavery, forced to be not only fieldhands and domestic workers, just to satisfy their masters sexual appetites. Frederick Douglass wrote that the slave woman is at the mercy of the fathers, sons or brothers of her master.(2) Slaveowners considered their slave wom en to be fair game, forcing themselves on their female slaves with impunity, and any resulting children were considered property, to be exchange like the calves from a cow. The family institutions of the slaves meant nothing to their owners the children of slaves were likewise considered property and could be sold at their owners whim. Schoolteacher referred to Sethe and her children as ...the breeding one, her three pickaninnies and whatever the foal faculty be...(279) Slave children often did not know who their fathers or even their mothers were... ...gain. Beloved is an unsanitized picture of slavery and its consequences, a condemnation of the violations that humans impose upon each other. That the battlefront of Beloved is still felt, long after the players have left the stage, is representative of the scars that remain on the hearts and minds of women, that such horrors could be visited upon their sisters once. Notes1. Toni Morrison, Beloved (New York, 1987) 337. All post erior quotes from Beloved are followed by page numbers in parentheses.2. Frederick Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom (New York, 1968 1855) 60, qtd. in Blassingame 83.Works Cited1. Blassingame, John W. The Slave Community Plantation disembodied spirit in the Antebellum South. New York Oxford University Press, 1972.2. Morrison, Toni. Beloved. (New York Penguin Books USA Inc., 1987)

Church and State :: essays research papers

The Catholic Church, while she is militant on earth, is compelled to wage an incessant conflict, both for the preservation of the honour of her doctrines and for her own liberty in proclaiming them. The political disputes are a part and a consequence of the dogmatic controversy, and the mission of the Church resides in both alike. both modern history is filled with this double contest on the one hand with her successive victories over new forms of error, and on the other with her gradual emancipation from every earthly influence. The latter aspect of ecclesiastical history is chiefly exhibited in the vicissitudes of the Papacy as a temporal power--in the growth and settlement of the roman print States. The conservation of the independence of the Holy See through the integrity of its territory has been an object of such importance as frequently to engage nearly the tout ensemble of Europe in the contests it has occasioned. Empires have risen and fallen in its behalf, and it has been the paramount interest and motive in most of the greatest changes in the political governing body of Europe. It was a glorious spectacle for mankind, that, through all the shocks and changes of our history, through barbarous and civilized ages, in spite of the temptations of ambition and of the instigation of religious hatred, during centuries of boundless covetousness and violence, the Church, whilst border by heretical and infidel powers, should have continued in possession of her dominions, recovering them whenever they were attacked, and gradually increasing them for nearly a thousand years, although guarded by nothing but the awe of an unseen protector, and the dread of the mysterious avenger who watched over her.

Church and State :: essays research papers

The Catholic Church, while she is militant on earth, is compelled to wage an incessant conflict, both for the preservation of the virtue of her doctrines and for her own liberty in proclaiming them. The political disputes are a part and a consequence of the dogmatic controversy, and the mission of the Church resides in both alike. every last(predicate) modern history is filled with this double contest on the one hand with her successive victories over new forms of error, and on the other with her gradual license from every earthly influence. The latter aspect of ecclesiastical history is chiefly exhibited in the vicissitudes of the Papacy as a temporal power--in the growth and settlement of the romish States. The conservation of the independence of the Holy See through the integrity of its territory has been an object of such importance as frequently to engage nearly the self-colored of Europe in the contests it has occasioned. Empires have risen and fallen in its behalf, and i t has been the paramount interest and motive in most of the greatest changes in the political accord of Europe. It was a glorious spectacle for mankind, that, through all the shocks and changes of our history, through barbarous and civilized ages, in spite of the temptations of ambition and of the instigation of religious hatred, during centuries of boundless covetousness and violence, the Church, whilst environ by heretical and infidel powers, should have continued in possession of her dominions, recovering them whenever they were attacked, and gradually increasing them for nearly a thousand years, although guarded by nothing but the awe of an unseen protector, and the dread of the mysterious avenger who watched over her.

Democracy & Aristotle Essay

Democracy is widely recognized to meet originated from ancient Greece, where much of its governmental doctrine was developed, particularly by Aristotle. However, Ancient Rome is also credited with significant contributions to the development of democracy. Etymologically speaking, the word democracy equates to rule and strength from the people. This is an important notion to consider, as far too often the notion of democracy today has eroded into a belief that this rule and strength lies solely within the electoral process. temporary hookup there is no denying the importance of elections, Lawrence Lessig (2004) contends that democracy also means rule by the people and opines that in the American tradition that means harbor by reasoned discourse and debate.As such, democracy is exercised most by the people when they be actively engaged in civic affairs. Alexis de Tocqueville (2003), the 19th century French political thinker best known for his sociological travel writings on the U nited States, observed that this is best exemplified by the jury system. Unlike the elections, jurors did not just vote over the outcome to be imposed at the conclusion of a trial, but rather, they went through intense deliberation, attempting to persuade each some other of the outcome. Results were obtained through argument, such that no juror could simply detach himself from the implications of his vote.Democratic theory, when applied to political governance, operates along two princioples. First, that the members of the pop society in straits have equal access to power, and second, that they enjoy freedoms and liberties which are universally recognized. (Dahl, Shapiro & Cheibub, 2003) In practice, this varies wildly, and as such, various strains of democracy exist, some which are less representative of the democratic essence than others.Democracy is better understood by contrasting it with other forms of governance. Aristotle observed that in an oligarchy or aristocracy, ruler ship is granted to a select few duration in a monarchy, it is a single individual who holds the power of rulership. For Aristotle, the foundations of democracy lie in civic freedoms, and it is the only political system which permits the private citizen to have freedom. (No author, 2006)Furthermore, this freedom is a double-edged sword, a privilege and a responsibility. Not only is a government denied unquestioned hegemony over the citizen, but it is the responsibility of the citizen to go out that the government fulfills its obligations. Additionally, this sense of equality is not contingent on the merits of the individual class, occupation, etc. are not the basis for measuring rights, but rather distributed disregardless of their station in life. In that sense, a democracy maintains an egalitarian appraisal of the individuals political worth.The successful construction of a democratic political system requires the separation of powers. This is because in order for any political system to distribute power in the egalitarian fashion which defines the democratic ideal, it must be able to ensure that no one faction of the political system can attain enough power as to influence or control the others, for that would effectively dilute and perhaps destroy the democracy itself. (Williamson, 2004)As such, this means that any nation governed under the democratic principle operates under the presumption that its constituents are equal not just its citizens (though it is crucial that they do) but the various institutions as well. Furthermore, the citizens possess various freedoms that cannot be overridden by the government, regardless of how contrary it may be to the governments interests, such as the freedom of political expression through speech and press for the purposes of staying informed and declaring their personal interests. (Barak, 2008)REFERENCESLessig, L. (2004) Free Culture How bulky Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Control Cr eativity. New York Penguin Press.De Tocqueville, Alexis. (2003) Democracy in America. New York Penguin Classics.Dahl, R. A., Shapiro, I. & Cheibub, J.A. (2003) The Democracy Sourcebook. Massachusetts MIT Press.Williamson, T. R. (2004) Problems in American Democracy. meitnerium Kessinger Publishing.Barak, A. (2008) The Judge in a Democracy. New Jersey Princeton University Press.No author. (2006) Aristotle (384-322 BCE) Overview. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved September 30, 2008 from http//www.iep.utm.edu/a/aristotl.htm

Plain language v legalese Essay

There is an ongoing debate over whether legitimate practitioners should use plain nomenclature in intelligent report or whether legal practitioners should stomach on with tradition and write in a to a greater extent lawyerly manner some call legalese. As with any debate, there atomic number 18 two opposing sides and a middle ground. Proponents of plain language suppose that since legal documents are read by both legal professionals and laymen, they should be guessable to a widely audience.Proponents of legalese believe that since legal documents are primarily written for an audience of other legal professionals, the handed-down style of legal writing is perfectly understood by its intended audience. There is a spacious history of traditional legal writing law that sounds very important and archaic to the modern ear. Words such as substantiate, elucidate, and notwithstanding are seldom found anywhere outside of a legal document.There are withal many phrases that are seld om employ outside of a legal document, such as until such time as render assistance including only not limited to owe to the fact that and in the event that. The use of Latin phrases is common in traditional legal writing. The precise inwardness of the phrases is obscure to readers who lack a association of Latin. Latin phrases such as habeas corpus prima facie and quantum meruit are likely widely understood only by legal professionals.Other Latin phrases utilize in traditional legal writing, such as ab initio de facto and ex post facto might be understood by a well educate audience as well as legal professionals. Boiler coat language is another convention of legal writing. So-called boilerplate language is a grouping of rule books, sentences, and sometimes extended paragraphs that may occupy meaning beyond their plain meaning. For example, clauses in a property deed for a house contain language that has been parsed, defined, and argued for decades. The precise meaning of individually boilerplate clause is related to the definitions and arguments that accompany it.Boilerplate language refers to any language that is always the same and is perceived as warning wording, such as standard involve clauses. The term boilerplate originated in the days of hot metal type. Publishers would use blocks of type that were made to be unchangeable, one sheet of metal printing plate with full paragraphs, clauses, or standard wording on it. These metal sheets resembled a plate on a boiler, and that is how the term came about. (Blacks 1991). Another convention of traditional legal writing is its repetitiveness.Personal pronouns, such as he, she and they are generally not used. Instead the persons name is used each time. Or a persons position in a cause of action, such as defendant, plaintiff, respondent, or petitioner is used each time. Similarly, the word it is seldom used. Instead the word for the thing or the word for the idea is used each time. Descriptive phrases in traditional legal writing are to a fault confined to the same descriptive phrase each time. For example, words used to describe a vehicle would always be the same words each time they appeared in the same legal document.A red cartridge truck would always be referred to as just that, a red pickup truck. The descriptive words would not be changed to a Ford truck even though the descriptive phrase could just as considerably describe the same vehicle. Plain language is a phrase that defies definition. Like defining art or pornography, a prevalent attitude is that there is no encompassing definition, but we know it when we see it. Would it be fair to say that plain language is language that more or less people easily understand? That chief begs for the next question, who is most people and what is their level of understanding?So, thus when we speak of plain language in legal writing, does that mean at a yarn level that all or most adults can comprehend? Does plain language in l egal writing mean only college educated adults? consort to the most recent National Adult Literacy Study The National Literacy Survey certifys that the average adult in the U. S. reads at the 7th grade level, with nearly 50% below the 6th grade level and over 80% below the 10th grade level. (DuBay, 2004). So does that mean that plain language in legal writing should be written at a 7th grade interlingual rendition level?In 1969 Harry McLaughlin devised the SMOG readability formula and it is hushed commonly used today. To use McLaughlins formula count the words of three or more syllables in three ten sentence samples, see the square root, and add three. The number generated is the readability scotch which corresponds to the reading grade level at which the paper could be read and understood. There is a conflict of plus or minus 1. 5. On his website, McLaughlin offers a readability calculator, just copy and paste any document into the box, and the calculator generates a reada bility score for that document.I plugged in one page of this paper and a score of 17. 34 was given. Since my intended audience is my professor and my academic colleagues, I believe this is an appropriate level of writing. (McLaughlin, 2008). Plain language, most simply defined, has to be just that, readable for the widest possible audience. Plain language does not seem to rely on multi-syllabic words when a shorter word exit do. Words such as substantiate, elucidate, and notwithstanding can be replaced with prove, despite and clarify, respectively. Some common phrases used in traditional legal writing have a concise plain language substitute. In the event that translates easily to if. Until such time as intend when. Plain language in the context of legal writing means using a translation of the Latin word or phrase, rather than the more scholarly sounding Latin. Proponents of maintaining a traditional style of legal writing believe that continuing to use the traditional convention s, Latin phrases, and boilerplate language preserves legal culture. The use of Latin phrases adds a certain panache to writing, and some of the Latin does not translate very well. Few individuals outside of the legal profession ordain ever read a Supreme Court opinion.The process of legal argument, legal reasoning and legal writing are so intertwined that it becomes impossible to register legal opinion except in traditional legalese. In fact, for attorneys the use of traditional legal writing is more efficient because it is most commonly used therefore, most commonly understood understood by attorneys that is. The conventions and tradition in legal writing are much more than meaningless archaic language. legitimate documents are written for unique(predicate) legal situations. Sometimes legal language is purposely broad and imprecise so that unknown and unforeseeable future component part may somehow be addressed.Other wording is precise and well defined to clearly define the ex pectation of both parties, like the wording in a contract. A contract may have many clauses and if they can be simplified by using traditional standard language then all the better. It is after all, attorneys, communicating with attorneys. (Bast, 1995). Many attorneys choose to use published forms as the basis for contracts because they can easily be adapted to a specific client and situation. These attorneys believe that it is too time consuming for them and expensive for their clients to write a complete contract for each client and each situation.For example, in a contract a saving clause, also called a severability clause, allows the contract to remain in effect even if one or more of the provisions of the contract is breached or is found to be unenforceable. (Bast, 1995). This clause may or may not be written in plain language, but the meaning is the same. Attorneys reading other attorneys contracts easily grasp the intent and meaning of contract clauses, whether the language i s standard legalese or written for a mass audience as long as the wording is precise. If the legal language found in a contract is familiar and precise attorneys can keep themselves time and effort.And they can save their clients money, because they have no reason to analyze or parse out each word or clause, the meaning, to them is clear. Proponents of traditional legal writing style also assert that the repetitiveness in legal documents is necessary. While other types of writing demand variation of word choice to describe an object, person, or event, legal writing demands consistency in word choice. This consistency provides clarity and precision. There can be no question as to who they refers to in a legal document, when the word they does not ever appear at all.Proponents of plain language in legal writing claim that much of so-called traditional legalese is nothing but gobbledygook. Legalese is jargon and is used to obscure meaning. Websters Dictionary defines jargon as confuse d, unintelligible talk the special speech or vocabulary of a class, as of technicians, artists, thieves. (Webster, 1987). In fact, the purpose of jargon among members of a group is to communicate among themselves without being understood by outsiders. Police and criminals each have their own jargon, hoping the other will not understand them.The goal of jargon among legal professionals is so that the frequent will not understand the law. If the public cannot understand the law because the public cannot understand the legal terminology then the public has no choice but to seek legal advice to interpret every legal document. So, legalese is very important to attorneys as job security. The most compelling argument in favor of plain language in legal writing is that consumers often sign legal documents in the course of their everyday lives. Nearly every agreement that a consumer enters into is bound by a written contract.If that contract is unintelligible, then the consumers rights are at risk. Consumers enter all types of contracts, including cell phone contracts, mortgages, and amends. Laws and ordinances also have impact on peoples lives. It is popular to say that ignorance of the law is no excuse. However, laws are passed at a dizzying rate, and in truth most of us, including attorneys, are ignorant of many laws that might affect us. If we can comprehend the meaning of a law, we have a much better get of following the law. And if we can understand a proposed law on the ballot we have a better chance of voting appropriately.Many states have gone so far as to legislate plain language in legal writing. In Florida, property insurance policies must be written in plain language. In California, they have legislated the use of plain language this way Section 6215 of the California Government rule states Each department, commission, office or other administrative agency of state government shall write each document which it produces in plain, straightforward langua ge, avoiding technical harm as much as possible, and using a coherent and easily readable style. When it comes to personal safety, plain language is even more important. After a series of studies found that the improper use of child-safety seats was the leading risk factor in fatal injury to children in car accidents, two public health officials began to investigate. Dr. Mark Wegner and Deborah Girasek suspected that there might be a relationship between the improper use of the child-safety seats and the installation instructions. The pair study the readability of the instructions of 107 different child-safety seats and published their findings in the medical journal Pediatrics.The team found that the installation instructions that came along with most of the child-safety seats were written at the 10th grade level. Far higher than the national average reading level of 7th grade, and much higher than the fifth to 6th grade level recommended for health related writing for consumers. This type of safety instruction is not legal writing per se. However, product liability is stringent liability. And, if the safety instructions on a product are unintelligible they might as well be non-existent.Manufacturers risk substantial loss in tort actions if their products safety notifications are useless. In a letter to Senator Bob Bennett dated September 17, 2008, Ruth Anne Robbins, president of the Legal writing Institute wrote Bureaucratic legal writing, including government writing, has long been difficult to read. It is convoluted and dense. Even those of us who are legal writing professors are challenged by it and it is gainsay for us to teach our law students how to properly read and interpret it.The government would benefit from paying more concern to the efficacy and readability of its communications. We teach our students to be reader-friendly rather than writer-centered. Unfortunately, government documents are too often writer-oriented rather than reader-orie nted. (Robbins, 2008). Since I believe that the purpose of writing is communication, not obfuscation, I support plain language in legal writing. The world today is a complicated place, and there is no reason to make it even more difficult to navigate than it needfully to be.Whenever possible precision should be chosen over vagueness. When crafting wording for legislation, lawmakers should be careful to choose words that as clearly as possible show the intent of each law. Judges at all levels should strive to write their court opinions clearly and concisely. Laws and court opinions will always be subjected to interpretation, and that is one of the things that makes our rural great. But, the interpretation of laws should be directed towards applying laws and opinions to a changing world, rather than trying to understand the original intent of those laws and opinions.There is no mention of the right to secrecy anywhere in the U. S. Constitution. Justice William O. Douglas, in his l andmark Supreme Court opinion , Griswold v Connecticut, (1965) wrote that our right to privacy is a constitutional right, and that right is include in the penumbra of rights emanating from the specific guarantees of the constitution. This type of expansion of personal freedoms is, in my opinion, the best and highest use of legal reasoning. The cumbersome challenge of interpreting obscure and arcane legalese is rational quicksand, and to be avoided at every opportunity.

Lessons In Life Essay

When comparing Mother To Son with Mending W either the message given is that with hard work, either manual of arms or emotional lifespan gives rewards.In Mother To Son the mother wants to pass her knowledge of life to him, that nothing is loosen and with hard work you allow for receive the feeling of accomplishments. The mother speaks of her hardships in life, but even with those she has always had hope. Even during the darkest times in her life she never gave up.What greater gift put up a mother pass on to her child? The gifts than come from the heart are the greatest. She is trying to let him know that even though she has been climbing all her life she will not give up.Even though the story of Mending Wall focusing on the hard labor that comes once a year to populates repairing a common wall between their properties they also share good times together. Good fences make good neighbors. (page 1881)The neighbors speak of hunters that have passed during the year. Their walk of the wall gives each neighbor a time to share and reflect on the past tense years events with each other.Both stories differ in their style, Mother To Son gives a hidden approach to life. She is trying to give him subtle hits of what the road of life offers. Mending Wall gives a direct approach, its a conversation between neighbors that happens once a year, once it happens they go back to the way they were.Langston Hughes was born(p) in Joplin, Missouri, James Langston Hughes was a member of an abolitionist family. His first published poem was also one of his most famous, The Negro Speaks of Rivers, and it appeared in Brownies Book. Later, his poems, short plays, essays and short stories appeared in the NAACP publication Crisis Magazine and in Opportunity Magazine and otherpublications.( http//www.redhotjazz.com/hughes.html)Robert Lee Frost was one of Americas lead story 20th-century poets and a four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. An essentially pastoral poet often associated wit h rural New England, Frost wrote poems whose philosophical dimensions transcend any region. Although his verse forms are traditionalhe often said, in a dig at archrival Carl Sandburg, that he would as soon play tennis without a net as write free versehe was a pioneer in the interplay of rhythm and meter and in the poetic use of the vocabulary and inflections of everyday speech. His poetry is thus twain traditional and experimental, regional and universal. (http//www.robertfrost.org/indexgood.html)Works CitedBaym, Nina. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 2003http//www.redhotjazz.com/hughes.htmlhttp//www.robertfrost.org/indexgood.html

Consumer Promotion Essay

I expect this report to fulfill the requirements of my internship program (BBA 449) at Unilever Bangladesh particular(a). I shoot put in my best efforts to make this report a success. However, I am sure that this report could nonplus been a to a greater extent than superior one, if it had not been my first time to shoot much(prenominal) a relational study. However this has obviously been a great source of learning for me to conduct similar research studies in future. I would like to express my artless gratitude to you for your guidance and suggestions in preparing the report. I allow for be happy to fork up whatever further explanation regarding this research report if necessary.Thanking You. Sincerely yours, Muhammad Mashfiq Huq ID 0131001 Acknowledgements In preparing this report a considerable amount of envisageing and informational inputs from various sources were contractd. I express my sincere gratitude to every(prenominal)one who contri preciselyed towards makin g this research report possible. Major contributions were received from officials at Unilever Bangladesh Limited and Independent University, Bangladesh. First of all I would like to give thanks the authorities of Unilever Bangladesh Limited to give me the prized opportunity to do my internship at their prestigious organization.The experience and knowledge gained at Unilever Bangladesh Limited helped me immensely to address and rede all the elements related to my report, which I otherwise would not yield understood so well. I would like to specially thank my supervisor at Unilever Bangladesh Limited, Mr Rajeeb Bhattacharjee, Product Group Manager for Wheel, for his haughty support, co-operation and encouragement that he extended to me from the very first day. In spite of having a very busy schedule, he made sure in every demeanor that I acquire the best possible exposure and knowledge during my tenure as an intern under him.My sincere gratitude goes to my internship supervisor M r. Muzahid Akbar, for encouraging me at the very first place, to undertake such a relational study to fulfill my internship requirements. He gave all the time and attention, which I needed to complete my research and compile my report in as much orderly way as possible. Last but not the least I would like to thank the respondents of my espouse, for sparing the time to fill out the questionnaires. This research would not have been possible without their valuable inputs.Correlation matrix of the study variables 3. Stepwise regression on Product Quality Perceptions 4. Stepwise regression on Brand Loyalty 13 15 16 17 Executive Summary This paper is order towards exploring the birth between consumer onward motion, value perception, harvest-home character reference perceptions and fault commitment in the purifying merchandise of Bangladesh. Through sizeable literature review and discussions it is cognise that in that location is considerable correlation that exists among the study variables mentioned above. The data sampling was conducted on the customers of different gulls of detergents.A bodily structured questionnaire was used to find out the views of people regarding consumer promotion in detergent brands, toll perceptions about the promoted brands of detergent, carrefour note perceptions about those brands and to a fault to find out about brand the true in the detergent commercialises. A correlation analysis and a stepwise regression analysis were run on the collected data to analytically explore the relations and their extent. It was effect that consumer promotion is positively correlated with the product case perceptions and brand loyalty of those brands.Meaning that if a person views the consumer promotion positively, past his/ her perception of the product caliber about a promoting brand bequeath be proportionately high. It excessively means that the chances of the same person world brand loyal towards that brand would likewise be high. thither is a positive correlation of price perception with perceived forest and brand loyalty. check to this, if the perceived prices of the promoted brands argon fair therefore it would have positive effects on product character perception and brand loyalty of that brand.It has besides been found that product flavour perceptions about promoted brands argon positively correlated with brand loyalty of those brands. Overall consumer promotions atomic number 18 expected to give positive results with the people who have positive views about consumer promotion and who lav be influenced by promotional efforts. So while deciding about consumer promotion it should be thought in advance that who is the consumer promotion activity aimed at. This way wastage of largish amounts of money can be avoided by spending on ineffective consumer promotion activity.Every effort should be given to make the consumers think that the prices of the promoted brand are fair, even when there i s no promotional activity is undertaken. Though there is a tendency in the detergent martplace to provide frequent promotional offers, yet the perceived quality should in no way go down because there is a good possibility that the brand loyalty would also go down. Introduction Bangladesh has a detergent market of about 8. 8 billion taka of which Unilever occupies a share of 30% making it the market leader. The major competitor brands in the detergent market for Unilever are Keya, Chaka and Tibet.To fight this steep competition the above mentioned companies constantly run consumer promotion in expect to sell more than the respective competitors. Although this strategy worked well at first but with the passage of time, the intense consumer promotions have done little to prevent Unilever from loosing shares to its competitors. In 2004, Wheel, Unilevers largest detergent brand ran about nine consumer promotions where as in 2005 it ran no consumer promotions at all. Consumer promotion everyplace all is a very dear(predicate) affair.Unilever has the largest brands of detergent and so the cost of providing a consumer promotion offer is also large by the same proportion. Besides the competitor brands are known to involve in some unfair practices. They pay a very low wage rate to their labours so overhead costs are low, they under placard their imported raw materials so that they can evade import taxes and other duties, so they save a lot of money in the process. They can then utilize this money for consumer promotion and other competitive activities that can earn them a higher share of the market.Therefore it is imperative that consumer promotions and other dependant elements have to be studied, to make sure that if a consumer promotion activity is implemented it is a highly effective one. This way, precious monetary resources have the nominal chances of being wasted. To understand the competition in the detergent market better price perceptions and product qual ity perceptions about the brands of detergent on promotion are also considered being worth studying. To look at market share issues, the brand loyalty element should also be explored.Statement of the Problem There are some companies that are operating to serve the detergent markets as a result the competition has heightened. Consumer promotions are being heavily used in the detergent markets to increase sales of each available brand. Consumer promotions, when implemented use up a lot monetary resources. Failure to implement the consumer promotion activity efficaciously may result in major loss of money. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship between consumer promotions, price perceptions with product quality perceptions and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh.Research Timeline 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 October November November 20 November 28 December 6 Research proposal writing and literature rivew data collection (surveys and so forth ) Data analysis and interpretation Draft submission of research report Submission of research report Limitations There are grand amounts of information and write-ups relating to the topics of this research that are present in the internet and various other sources, but it was not possible to gain access to many such information. So missing out some important aspect of the discussed topics can be a possibility.There is a major time constraint in doing the research work and preparing the report, a much larger pool of information could have been dealt with if there was more time to analyze them. A minimal take in size will be used for this research if a larger sample was taken into consideration the research would have been more accurate. The survey will be conducted in Dhaka city which could be a possible dry land for the peoples mind set to be similar and survey results not being very different from each other, the results could be different if people from outside me tropolitan cities were brought under consideration.Review of Literature Consumer Promotion sales promotions as we know is a very important component of marketing promotion. Consumer promotion (e. g. coupons, samples, contests, sweepstakes, and price packs) is a part of sales promotion that is targeted towards the final subverters of consumer products (Kotler and Armstrong, 2002). There can be various types of consumer sales promotion some are inducement based while others are communicative in nature (Kotler et al. , 1999 Tellis, 1998). The incentive based promotions can be price oriented promotion or non price-oriented promotion.According to Britannica (article 21279) advertising presents a reason to buy a product but consumer promotion offers a short-term incentive to purchase. Consumer promotions frequently attract brand switchers (those who are not loyal to a unique(predicate) brand) who are looking in the first place for low price and good value. Thus, especially in marke ts where products are highly similar, consumer promotions can cause a short-term increase in sales. Abraham and Lodish (1987) tell that many consumer goods categories sold 90% of their volume on special deals which is a result of consumer promotion.Consumer promotion is thought to be a tool that helps manu incidenturers and retailers to achieve their objectives of generating sales (Alvarez and Casielles, 2004). They also stated that the influence of sales promotions on the consumer will also depend on the consumers characteristics Price Perceptions According to Schiffman and Kanuk (2004) price perception is about how customers keep in line a products price, as high, low or fair. They also stated that perception of price unfairness affect consumers perceptions of value and ultimately their willingness to buy a product.According to Moore et al. (2003) years of research concerned with price show both positive and negative perceptions serve as marketplace cues. Several studies have al so portrayed the role of price perceptions as an attribute to success (Jiang and Rosenbloom, 2004). When the price perceptions are high this is a sign of positive quality, prestige and billet (Moore et al. , 2003). The concept of reference price is related to price perceptions. Schiffman and Kanuk (2004) stated that reference price is the price the consumers use as a basis for equality in judging another price.It is through reference price that the price perception of a brand of product is formed. When the consumer plans to buy a product, he or she will judge prices comparatively with the reference prices in order to determine whether the price is acceptable or not (Alvarez and Casielles, 2004). They also stated that, a result of consumers comparison between the prices and the reference price, potential losses and gains emerge. The consumer perceives a gain when the reference price is higher than the observed price. If the observed price is higher than the reference price, the con sumer experiences a loss.Product Quality Perceptions Product quality perceptions deliver consumer judgment about the superiority of a product, which the user-based approaches think is essential in describing quality (Forker et al. , 1996). Bundles of attributes together represent a certain level of quality, which therefore provide utility to the customer (Snoj et al. , 2004). The benefits are measured through a perceived level of quality (level of functional superiority), a bundle of attributes in comparison with the consumers expectations.Schiffman and Kanuk (2004) stated consumers often judge the quality of a product on the basis of a word form of informational cues that they associate with the product. They also stated that the cues can either be intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic cues are related to the physical characteristics of the product itself, like size, colour, flavour, odor etc. The extrinsic cues on the other hand are related to elements that are put together with t he actual product like packaging, pricing, advertising etc.The perceived quality of products and services is central to the theory that strong brands add value to consumers purchase evaluations (Low and Lamb, 2000). Brand Loyalty Brand loyalty is the ultimate desired outcome of consumer learning (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2004). According to Rawly and Dawes (1999) brand loyalty is the likelihood of positive attitudes and behaviours of consumers towards a particular brand, this could amount to repeat purchase and positive word of mouth. They also stated that a loyal customer base is an asset for a company and it reduces the need for seeking new customers.It is also a known fact that retaining current customers requires less money and effort than getting new ones. The strongest measure of brand value is the loyalty a company produces among customers (Aaker, 1996). According to Quester and Lim (2003) brand loyalty is known to have two components, namely attitudinal loyalty and behavioural loyalty. Behavioural loyalty is related to consistent purchase behaviour of a specific brand it is the consumers overt purchase behaviour (Dikempe et al. , 1997) while attitudinal loyalty refers to a highly favourable attitude towards a particular brand.Rowley and Dawes (1999) stated that to understand brand loyalty better the following components of attitude model should be considered 1. Cognitive component associated with a rational decision making based on informational determinants. 2. Affective component associated with emotions and feelings about the product or service. 3. Conative components associated with a behavioral disposition. Relation between consumer promotion and product quality perceptions A primary reason for consumer promotion is to give an impression of greater quality and appeal to the potential customers (Alvarez and Casielles, 2004).Sales promotion influence the relative weighting of the utility factors and extends the perceived quality (Groth and Dye, 1999 ). Sales promotions can offer many benefits, the most obvious being monetary savings, and also motivation to perceive higher quality, convenience, value (Quock and Uncles, 2005). The way a consumer promotion is framed is likely to effect consumers perceptions of price, quality, value, and purchase uses (Munger and Grewal, 2001). Ong (1997) on the other hand stated that there is a danger of unfavorable consumer perception as a result of consumer promotion activity like bonus packs etc.Consumers tend to think that at the normal price or offering they over pay for a given level of quality, so their quality perception is affected. Relationship between price perception and product quality perceptions The more quality a product possesses the more utility it contains and the more its price should be in the market (Sjolander, 1992). According to Sjolander (1992) it is very much expected that there is a very strong positive relation between perceived price and perceived quality. Perceived q uality explains a considerable portion of the variance in the price the consumers are willing to pay for different brands (Low and Lamb, 2000).Unfavorable price perceptions may have a direct effect on customer intention to switch to a different brand, because the consumers might think that the price does not match quality (Jiang and Rosenbloom, 2004). Companies sometimes attempt to appeal to uninformed consumers by victimisation high prices from start as a signal of high quality, with the belief that if they perceive the price of their products to be high then they automatically perceive the product quality to be high as well (Kalita et al. , 2004).Relationship between consumer promotion and brand loyalty According to Alvarez and Casielles (2004) promotions can have, as an effect, the consumer acquiring a brand that he or she would not otherwise try. They also stated that categories of products whose buyers are very loyal, consumer promotion activity like coupons etc that reward th e loyalty could have a bigger effect. Srinivasan and Anderson (1998) acknowledged that many times sales promotions are used by new entrants to break consumers brand loyalty toward established brands.In the short run, established brands may be able to ignore sales promotions from new brands without serious loss of sales. Over the longer run, however, unless proper defensive and counter-offensive strategies are developed and implemented, established brands can gradually lose their loyal customer base. Dawes (2004) on the other hand stated that repeat buy rates that buying a brand on promotion decreases the likelihood of a subsequent purchase of that brand.Relationship between price perception and brand loyalty Alvarez and Casielles (2004) stated that when the consumer perceives a loss, the utility that the provides (brand) will diminish, and with it the likelihood of purchase will also go down. If, in contrast, the consumer perceives a gain, he or she will be more inclined to purchas e the brand. Price perceptions are expected play an increased role in determining both post-purchase satisfaction and brand loyalty (Jiang and Rosenbloom, 2004).According to representative research higher perceived prices leads to expectation of higher perceived quality and value, in turn lead to higher levels of satisfaction of customers, greater levels of customer loyalty and retention and to a greater success of organizations (Snoj et al. , 2004). Relationship between quality perception and brand loyalty According to Ruyter and Wetzels (1997) the perceived quality is often viewed as a pre-requisite for loyalty and that perceived quality contributes positively to increase loyalty. They also stated that the influence of quality on preference loyalty in general varies per industry.Boulding et al. (1993) found positive relationships between quality and repurchase intentions and willingness to recommend to others. Because product quality perceptions influence value, efforts of market ers have focused on improving product quality in order to enhance perceptions of value, and consequently purchase intentions leading to loyalty (Grewal and Munger, 2001). The loyal customers, who gave indication that they would return, will be the internal level for managers to improve their quality in order to increase customer loyalty (Bowen and Chen, 2001). Research QuestionThe following questions have to be addressed for the study 1. Is there any evidential relationship between consumer promotion and product quality perception in the detergent market of Bangladesh? 2. Is there any significant relationship between price perception and product quality perception in the detergent market of Bangladesh? 3. Is there any significant relationship between consumer promotion and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh? 4. Is there any significant relationship between price perception and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh? 5.Is there any significant relations hip between product quality perception and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh? Hypothesis The surmisal that can be derived from the research questions are 1. There is significant relationship between consumer promotion and product quality perception in the detergent market of Bangladesh. 2. There is significant relationship between price perception and product quality perception in the detergent market of Bangladesh.There is significant relationship between consumer promotion and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh. . There is significant relationship between price perception and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh. 5. There is significant relationship between product quality perception and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh. Development of Conceptual manikin Consumer Promotion Price Perception Product Quality Perception Figure 1 . Model 1 Conceptual Framework of research variables Consumer Promotion Price Perc eption Product Quality Perception Brand Loyalty Figure 2. Model 2 Conceptual Framework of research variablesMethodology Research design The illustrations of the conceptual framework model 1 and 2 (Figure 1 and 2) above gives a visual idea of the relationship and structure that exists among the study variables. The main purpose of the research is to assess the existing correlation among the variables. This research is about exploring and understanding the relationship that exists between consumer promotion, price perception with product quality perceptions and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh.Here in the first model (figure 1) the independent variables are assigned to be consumer promotions and price perceptions. The dependant variable on the other hand is product quality perception. In the second model (figure 2) the independent variables are consumer promotions, price perceptions and product quality perceptions, in this case the dependant variable is brand loya lty. So the researcher is attempting to find out, if any removes in the independent variable have a changing effect on the dependant ones as well, thereby proving that a relationship exists.The researcher also tried to find out the degree to which a change in the dependant variables has an impact on the independent ones, in other words the degree of relation is also explored here. Therefore the correlation study was elect for this research. Sampling method The required data for this research was collected from the regular customers of detergents. There was no particular sample frame available for this research so convenience sampling was used, as it is also the cheapest and the easiest methods of sampling.The sample frame for this research consisted of shoppers (mainly house wives) at different obtain centres and stores etc, and also the parents of school children were included. In the shopping centres the researcher surveyed the people who seemed to be the most appropriate respo ndent for this kind of survey. The parents of kindergarten students, who spend time waiting for their kids outside the schools, were also surveyed, because they usually have a lot of time to spare and can give valuable inputs. Due to time constraints the survey was conducted in Dhaka city only.Over all there were about a 104 people who participated in the survey. Survey instrument A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The questionnaire consists of different parts to gather information on the different variables under considerations. The questionnaire is the best instrument for the survey in this case because, for a correlation study the sample sizes have to be very large as it is quantitative in nature, so surveying so many people with personal interviews or observations would be next to impossible.With questionnaires, no responses of the respondents can be missed out. It gives more time to the respondents to think and then give the answers. And it is a quicker and ch eaper way to conduct the survey. Questionnaires can be conducted in any environment, with minimum influence of the outside environment. Questionnaires also have the advantage of keeping the personal details of the respondents confidential. A sample of the questionnaire has been attached in the appendix.

Jig and Fixture Design

Abstract This paper proposes a invent of jigs and fixtures for the mass production manufacturing of Sportsman bunk serial aluminum carpet slipper pistons (Probe Industries) that be recitationd in the Chevrolet LS Series V8 engines. The designs of two secures of jig and fixture designs ar proposed. The first set (two vee-blocks and a pattern bushing) is designed for the care for of boring the carpus entrap rafts in the piston. The second design (two vee-blocks and a declination locator) is used in the milling of the skirts and commence physique of the piston.The designs use principles of manufacturing facilities design, rehunt on manufacturing practices and 3D modeling software (Catia) in collection to optimize quality (accuracy), monetary values and productivity in the manufacture of much(prenominal) pistons. 1. Introduction 1. 1 The Piston An important mechanical component of an internal combustion engine, the piston is basically a strong part in an airtight pist on chamber that moves under the pressure of a fluid and transfers the great power of the expanding gas to a crankshaft through a connecting rod (The American Heritage, 2005). Pistons typically consist of a few main features.Pistons are cylindrical. The superlative degree part of the piston that comes into contact with the expanding gas is the crown. All pistons have a wrist pin mountain to expect a steel wrist pin that attaches the piston to a rod that is connected to the crankshaft. The skirt of the piston is the end opposite the crown and is often mill about in the sides to reduce free weight. 1. 2 Selected Component (Chevrolet LS Series V8 Piston) The particular(prenominal) component chosen for the design project is the Sportsman Race Series aluminum slipper piston (Probe Industries) used in the Chevrolet LS Series V8 engine.The high-speed nature of a V8 engine requires pistons to have reduced weight to improve engine balancing. Unlike elder pistons that were made with c ast iron, this piston is made with forged aluminum alloy to reduce its weight as surface as improve fatigue life. Furthermore, this specific piston is a slipper piston with a length of only half its diameter and has some parts dressed off in order to reduce size and weight dramatically. 1. 3 Objectives, Scope, and Assumptions The aim of this design project is to design jigs and fixtures for the mass production of the aluminum slipper piston used in the Chevrolet LS Series V8 engine.The scope of the design project is limited to designing jigs and fixtures for the only two assistes in the manufacture of such pistons that require jigs and fixtures, specifically the oil production of the wrist pin stacks and the milling of the skirts and level form of the piston. The design project does not account for the exact design, accuracy or efficiency of the boring and milling machines. The military strength and hardness of the materials are not considered. The time and motion in betwixt the processes are not measured for optimization. 2. Manufacturing the Component 2. 1 Component DesignThe exact judicial admissions and design of the piston for the Chevrolet LS Series V8 engine were taken from a manufacturer of such pistons, Probe Industries. The bore (diameter) of the piston is 4 move ones and the height is 2 inches. The wrist pin hole is 0. 927 inches in diameter and warmnessed at 1. 155 inches below the crown. The wrist pin length is 2. 5 inches, meaning that the skirt below the oil colour grooves is milled at each end of the wrist pin hole up to 1. 25 inches away from the center of the cylinder (Probe Industries, 2012). These dimensions are important in the milling and drill processes in the manufacture of the piston.The image below shows the rest of the dimensions and the tolerances (calculations shown later). 2. 2 Machining exhibites in Manufacture of Component After forging a solid aluminum slug into the basic shape of the piston with the desired stren gth and stability, the component undergoes several machining processes. The first machining process involves using a lathe or a CNC turning machine to make the base, cut out oil rings or grooves, and drill oil holes. The second process is to drill a super hole on one side of the piston through to the former(a). This (wrist pin hole) is where the wrist pin is placed to attach the piston to the connecting rod.The third process is to use a milling machine to shave off material at the sides where the wrist pin hole was bore in order to reduce the weight of the piston. The fourth machining process involves finishing with a lathe machine, wherein the crown is made into its closing shape, the bottom edges of the skirt are shaped, and slots/engravings are made. 3. 3 Machining Processes Requiring trip the light fantastic toes and Fixtures The only processes that require jigs and fixtures are the second and third machining processes, the drilling process and milling process. The first and the fourth process use CNC turning/lathe machines and they require no jigs or fixtures.The process of drilling the wrist pin hole however requires a bushing to dig up the point in the cylinder that needs to be drilled as well as a lower vee-block (with a locator at on end) and an upper vee-block (with the bushing and a pin/screw connecting to the lower vee-block) to hold the cylinder. The process of milling requires a lower vee-block as well but with a pin that goes through the wrist pin hole to hold the piston in place in the vee-block. A second, upper vee-block is used to guide the milling machine. The upper and the lower vee-block are referenced to each other with pins. 3.Functional Analysis of Jigs and Fixtures 3. 1 Drilling Process For the drilling process, a vee-block fixture is required to hold and support the cylindrical component. The design of the vee-block includes a locator at the end of the cylinder to bear on the piece from moving and to help put the cylinder/piston in the right position. To drill the hole, a bushing is required to guide the drilling machine. The bushing goes through an upside- wipe out vee-block that is put in location by pins connecting it to the lower vee-block. Bushing for Jig Assembly Vee-Block for Jig Assembly Drilling Jig AssemblyDrilling Fixture Assembly (Vee-Block) Drilling Process Jig and Fixture Assembly 3. 2 Milling Process For the milling process, the piston must(prenominal) be held in the right position and orientation. A vee-block is again used to support the cylindrical piston. And a positioning pin is placed in the center of the vee-block at an exact location along it in order to put the piston in the right position along the vee-block and at the right orientation (hole facing upwards) for the milling to be correct (since only the sides with the holes must be milled and only exactly below the oil rings).A thin upside down vee-block is cut downped on to the top of the cylinder and connected to the lower ve e-block at an exact location (using pins or screws) in order to hold the piston in place and to keep the milling machine from milling into the oil rings. To mill the other side, the piston is simply turned over and fitted into the locator from the newly milled side. Milling Process Jig (Vee-Block) Milling Process Fixture (Vee-Block and Locating Pin) Milling Process Jig and Fixture Assembly 4. Tolerance computation 4. 1 Tolerance enumeration of Jig and Fixture for Drilling Process To compute or the tolerance of the upper jig of the drilling process, the tolerances of the left and right berth pins and pin holes are computed first. The tolerances and the dynamic headrooms must be just enough so that both locating pins can fit in the pin holes (in all cases including largest and smallest size of one or both pins and of one or both holes). It should be noted that the worst possible scenario is that on one side of the jig, the hole is the maximum size and the pin is the tokenish size while on the other side, the hole is the minimum size and the pin is the maximum size. Given that the diameter of each pin hole in the jig is 12. mm (or 0. 5 inches) the tolerance chosen for this is plus/minus 0. 01 mm (leading to a range of 12. 69-12. 71 mm for the diameter of the hole). A clearance of 0. 05 mm is chosen, causing the largest diameter for the locating pin to be 12. 64 mm. The tolerance chosen for the locating pin is plus/minus 0. 005 mm (leading to a range of 12. 635-12. 645 mm for the diameter of the pin). In the worst case scenario, on one side, the maximum hole size would be 12. 71 mm while the minimum pin size would be 12. 635 mm (leading to a potential gap of 0. 075 mm and a left or right switch of 0. 0375 mm).In the worst case scenario for locating pins where one side has a maximum hole of 12. 71 mm and a minimum pin of 12. 635 mm and the other side of the jig has a minimum hole of 12. 69 mm and a maximum pin of 12. 645 mm, the maximum press of 0. 0375 mm on both side would still allow the larger pin to fit in the smaller hole since there would still be a gap of 0. 0075 mm (12. 69 0. 0375 12. 645 = 0. 0075). Since the bushing is screwed on tight into the jig, there is no clearance mingled with the bushing and the jig and thus no need to differentiate between the two pieces in terms of tolerance.The tolerances of the pins and pin holes would cause variation in the position of the drill. The worst case scenario would be if on any side, the pin hole is of maximum size (12. 71 mm) and the locating pin is of minimum diameter (12. 635 mm) leading to a potential gap of 0. 075 mm and a left or right shift of 0. 0375 mm. This shift would cause the drill (center of bushing hole) to move 0. 0375 mm in any rush from the center of the jig, and thus the final wrist pin hole would be plus/minus 0. 0375 mm from the center of the final product (50. 7625 50. 8375 mm from the side of the piston and 29. 025 29. 3775 mm from the top of the piston). This is at bottom the product specification wherein the tolerance is plus/minus 0. 05 mm (50. 75 50. 85 mm from the side of the piston and 29. 29 29. 39 mm from the top of the piston). The positions of the locating pins and pin holes for the upper and lower vee-block have a tolerance of 0. 005 mm on any direction and thus cause the position of the drilled hole to be between 29. 335-29. 345 mm from the top of the piston and between 50. 795-50. 805 mm from the side of the piston (still within product specifications).The locator on the lower fixture as well as the back plate each has a tolerance of 0. 005 mm combining into a worst case shift of 0. 01 mm and would cause the position of the drill to be between 29. 33-29. 35 mm from the top of the piston (still within product specifications). All the other tolerances of the drilling assembly have no effect. 4. 2 Tolerance Calculation of Jig and Fixture for Milling Process For the milling process, the holes in the upper and lower vee-bl ocks for the pins that locate the upper vee-block are exactly the same as in the upper jig for the drilling process.Thus the tolerances are the same (0. 01 mm hole tolerance, 0. 05 mm clearance, and 0. 005 mm locating pin tolerance) and so is the worst case scenario (shift of 0. 0375 mm). Since the upper vee-block guides the milling machine with a feeler gauge of 0. 01 mm, the worst case scenario would mean that the milled section is either 0. 0375 mm too high or too low on the piston (16. 7625 16. 8375 mm from the top of the piston). This is within the product specification wherein the tolerance is plus/minus 0. 05 mm (16. 75 16. 85 mm from the top of the piston).As of the lower fixture for the milling process, the symmetrical vee-block allows the cylindrical component to remain centered without rolling even when the size of the component or the fixture varies, thus eliminating the need to set tolerances. However, the tolerance must be calculated for the locating pin that goes th rough the wrist pin hole since a gap here would cause milling area to move up or down from the top of the piston. The hole that was previously drilled with a diameter of 23. 55 mm is assumed to have a tolerance of 0. 01 mm from the drilling process.A clearance of 0. 05 mm is chosen. And the locating pin has a tolerance of 0. 005 mm, thus ranging in size from 23. 49 23. 5 mm. In the worst case scenario of a hole with a maximum of 23. 56 mm and a locating pin with a minimum of 23. 49 mm, the potential gap would be 0. 07 mm or a shift of 0. 035 mm up or down the cylinder. This would lead the milling machine to start milling at a point between 16. 765 16. 835 mm from the top of the piston. This is within product specification wherein the tolerance is plus/minus 0. 05 mm (16. 75 16. 85 mm from the top of the piston).The locations of all the holes and locating pins should have a tolerance of 0. 005 on any direction in order to keep within product specifications. 5. Clamp Selection and Force Calculation For the drilling process, strap clamps are applied on the fixture by using a pair of socket head cap screws on the two sides of the upside-down vee-block. The two socket head cap screws locate the upper vee-block and clamp it to the lower vee-block when holding the cream piece piston in place. The diameter of the holes on lower vee-block for screw is 12. 7 mm, thus M12 size socket head cap screws are selected for clamping.The apparatus force direction of drilling is downward and it has a tool rotation. The strap clamps fasten the upside-down vee-block and the lower vee-block preventing the cylinder from rotational motion and horizontal motion. The tool force can be taken advantage of clamping down the race piece cylinder. According to Spaenaur (2012), the tightening torque of a screw is the product of torque-friction coefficient, nominal screw diameter, and clamping load (T = KDP). The Table 1 has shown that the M12 socket head cap screw has a minimum tensile st rength of 160000 pound per inch, and its material is High Carbon Quenched Tempered.In addition, it has a production torque of 125 pound. feet.. Then search this torque data in the related Table 2, the clamping force is approximately 13395 pound. For the milling process, the strap clamps are applied by a pair of socket set screws on the two sides of the thin upside-down vee-block. The two socket set screws locate the upper vee-block and clamp it to the lower vee-block when holding the work piece piston in place. The diameter of the holes on lower vee-block for screw is 12. 7 mm, thus M12 size socket set screws are selected for clamping.The table 1 has shown that M12 socket set screw has a minimum tensile strength of 212000 pound per inch, and its material is also High Carbon Quenched Tempered. It has a production torque of 43 pound. feet.. It can be seen in the related table, the clamping force is approximately 4286 pound. For a drilling machine, Pirtini and Lazoglu (2005) has proved that the pressure over the work piece as the cutter moving down into the work piece with same federate remains a constant value, and additional tests have been suggested that the constant pressure P(f) (MPa) can be described as a function of feed rate (f) (mm/min).P (f) = 1. 5364f 103. 06. If the feed rate of the drilling machine is 198 mm/min, then the pressure is 201. 14 MPa. The equation to calculating cutting force is F= P * A. where F is the net force between the measured force and predicted thrust force due to cutting in the thrust direction and A is the contacting area of the cutter at an instant. The force is about 87 kN with the 23. 55 mm diameter drilling hole. For milling machine, we take the piston as an example Width of cut = 79. 3mm = 3. 122 inch Depth of cut = 19 mm = 0. 748 inch Feed rate = 19. 5 inch/min K factor =1. 56 MRR = depth of cut x width of cut x feed rate MRR = 3. 122 x 0. 748 x 19. 5 = 45. 54 inch? /min A formula for calculating horsepower (HPC) of the milling cutter is HPC = MRR/K HPC = 45. 54 / 1. 56 = 29. 19 hp The formulas above are from the term A New Milling 101 Milling Forces and Formulas (Brian Hamil, 2011). One metric horsepower can be defined as the power to raise a mass of 75 kilograms against the earths gravitational force over a distance of one meter in one second. It can be calculated that the tool force is about 21 kN. . Cost Calculation Operation Part Rough Volume (m? ) Drilling depress vee-block 0. 00095 Upper upside-down vee-block 0. 00051 Milling Lower vee-block 0. 00082 Thin upside-down vee-block 0. 00023 Total Volume 0. 00251 Density = 7225 kg/m? Mass = 18. 13 kg = 39. 97 pound Iron Materials Casting process Cast iron cost (USD/lb) without machining Machining cost(USD/lb) Gray iron Green sand 0. 58 to 0. 61 0. 07 to 0. 14 Resin sand 0. 65 to 0. 69 0. 07 to 0. 14 Shell molding 0. 72 to 0. 76 0. 07 to 0. 14Ductile iron Green sand 0. 64 to 0. 67 0. 07 to 0. 14 Resin sand 0. 71 to 0. 74 0. 07 to 0. 14 She ll molding 0. 75 to 0. 79 0. 07 to 0. 14 Gray iron with shell molding machining process is selected for the fixture. Then the total cost for the 4 vee-blocks can be calculated (0. 74 + 0. 10) x 39. 97 = 35. 57 USD = 32. 81 AUD Items Description Quantity Total Cost (AUD) Vee-block 4 32. 81 Socket head cap screw M12 x 60 High Tensile 2 5. 49 Socket set screw M12 X 60 Grade 14. 9 2 3. 13 Bushing 79 Honda CBX Bronze Swing Arm 1 22. 4 Locating pin 23. 5 mm diameter 1 18. 87 Total Cost 83. 24 Thus the total cost for our design is approximately 83. 24 AUD. It should be noted that the selling price of the final product ranges between 100-200 AUD. 7. Conclusion It can thus be concluded that in the manufacture of Sportsman Race Series aluminum slipper pistons (Probe Industries) for Chevrolet LS Series V8 engines, jig and fixture assemblies can be used for the two machining processes (drilling the wrist pin hole and milling the bottom form of the piston).The jigs and fixtures designed were basically assemblies of Vee-Blocks with a bushing for the drilling process and another assembly with a locating pin through the wrist pin hole for the milling process. The tolerances were designed in order to not exceed the tolerances in the product specifications. The clamp forces were found to be sufficient and the cost of the jig and fixture is very small compared to the cyberspace made from the final product. The design furthermore is very simple and is thus easily modified to be integrated in a fast-moving assembly line. and then it can be concluded that the jig and fixture designs are appropriate. . References Hamil, B. (2011) A New Milling 101 Milling Forces and Formulas http//www. mmsonline. com/articles/a-new-milling-101-milling-forces-and-formulas. Pirtini, M. & Lazoglu, I. (2005) Forces and hole quality in drilling International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 45 (2005) 12711281. Spaenaur (2012) Suggested Tightening Torque1 Values to Produce Corresponding Bolt Cl amping Loads. http//www. spaenaur. com/pdf/sectionD/D48. pdf 9. Appendix Table 1 http//www. torqwrench. com/information/fasteners. php Table 2 http//www. torqwrench. com/Info/fasteners. php

American life Essay

Who says grabbers are only for narratives? Some of the best informative pieces start out with sentences that capture the readers circumspection. The authors from different literary genres give their own fear grabbers to make their pieces more attractive and more suspense from the beginning up to the end. According to Ruhanie Perera (2007), Each creator brings with them their values and beliefs shaped by their education and video to English Literature, but their search is the same for the creative, the bold, the sharp and the fresh. However, expository grabbers are not created only for narratives but for all kinds of situations like in the field of soccer. oceanic abyss down in the ocean lurks a dangerous killing machine. This is one of the examples that we hear in soccer. It is a form of attention grabber to make the players become alert of their actions. From this aspect, it only means that any attention grabber must be new from the ears, minds, and eyes of the audience. Many of us like soccer. We watch different plays and games on goggle box about soccer.This is somehow part of American life. Because of this, we hear different attention grabbers from the announcers, coaches, and players. When these people say their expository grabber, the crowd yells and feels that there is hope for success. Like narratives, attentions grabbers could be heard in the beginning of the event. Expository grabbers make each situation noble and powerful. In soccer, attention grabber means a lot of things it becomes the life and endurance of the team to work hard and win the game.That is why even in this field, expository grabber is very important. In conclusion to this, it can be said that expository grabbers lift the minds and hearts of the audience or readers. It gives power and indirect control to the spectators. The people may not realize this but they were influenced in freedom and captivation.BibliographyRuhanie Perera. They were the attention grabbers. Sunday Time s. Sunday, April 01, 2007, Vol. 41- No. 44. 31 October 2008. http//sundaytimes. lk/070401/Plus/020_pls. html

1980 African American Education Essay

*In 1988, the enrollment of lightlessness men declined, while it increased for women. T present were 179,000 black women in college, then black men.Percent advance of highs school graduates issue to college1960-1970 Males exceeded women1980s women overtake men and never lost the leadPopular concentration in education in the 1980s1981 business and man jump onment were the some popular of all black bachelors degree recipients. 13,325 blacks clear a bachelors degree in business and management (40% earned in historically black colleges).See more Old Age Problem essayThe Black and White GapThe average scores of black students have remained well below those of whites, and at age 17, the reading action of black students was lower last year than it was in 1988a depressing backsliding of the gains made over the previous two decades, Michael T. Nettles, the vice chairman of the internal Assessment Governing Board, said at a press conference held here deeply last month to release the r esults. The independent panel oversees depicted object Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP).In just about every age group and in every subject, the test-score to-do between white and African-American students has grown since 1986, reversing a trend in which the discrepancies decreased from the time the exams were first given over in 1969, 1971, and 1973. Since the mid-1980s, gaps in severalsubjects and age groups have grown by statistically significant amounts.Re separationism occurring againStudies finds the causes for resegregation stemming from a number of social and political factors a series of court rulings beginning in the late 1980s that reversed many of the desegregation orders, the growing isolation of whites in suburban schools, and the increasing segregation of blacks and Hispanics in suburban schools.Study suggest that students do better with same race teachers.Both black and white children score higher on maths and reading tests when their teachers are the sam e race as they are, a study of 6,000 Tennessee schoolchildren suggests.1980 African American Education EssayPercentage of highs school graduates going to college1960-1970 Males exceeded women1980s women overtake men and never lost the leadPopular concentration in education in the 1980s1981 business and management were the most popular of all black bachelors degree recipients. 13,325 blacks earned a bachelors degree in business and management (40% earned in historically black colleges).The Black and White GapThe average scores of black students have remained well below those of whites, and at age 17, the reading achievement of black students was lower last year than it was in 1988a depressing reversal of the gains made over the previous two decades, Michael T. Nettles, the vice chairman of the National Assessment Governing Board, said at a press conference held here late last month to release the results. The independent panel oversees National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAE P).See moreUnemployment problems and solutions essayIn just about every age group and in every subject, the test-score gap between white and African-American students has grown since 1986, reversing a trend in which the discrepancies decreased from the time the exams were first given in 1969, 1971, and 1973. Since the mid-1980s, gaps in severalsubjects and age groups have grown by statistically significant amounts.Resegregation occurring again.Studies finds the causes for resegregation stemming from a number of social and political factors a series of court rulings beginning in the late 1980s that reversed many of the desegregation orders, the growing isolation of whites in suburban schools, and the increasing segregation of blacks and Hispanics in suburban schools.Study suggest that students do better with same race teachers.Both black and white children score higher on mathematics and reading tests when their teachers are the same race as they are, a study of 6,000 Tennessee scho olchildren suggests.

Dealing with various types of emergency procedures Essay

The imitateing sets egress the principles for dealing with various types of emergency procedures within schools & is given as guidance only.Fire & other emergenciesIn the consequence of fire & other emergencies (such as gas leak, flood & bomb scare) buildings need to be evacuated rapidly but safely. In on the whole schools there should be clear, detailed procedures on evacuation which must be displayed in each area of the school. These procedures should give information on How to raise the alarm in the event of an emergency.What to do if you hear the fire alarm.The nearby assembly point this may be a playground, sports plain or even a nearby evacuation centre/safety perimeter following operating instructions from police. Registers should be available so staff can account for the safety & whereabouts of all the infantren. The route you should allow this should include a plan of the route from each room or area of the school, detailing the nearest fire exits. No staff or chi ldren should be allowed to stop to collect personal belongings or put on coats. Must not re-enter the building until you have been informed it is safe to do so.SecurityThere should be security in place in schools to minimise the risks to children. As a teaching assistant, you must know what these are & follow the procedures at all times. These procedures should include Security locks on doors.Signing in procedures/visitor badges (you should be able to identify all visitors to the school by badges. If unsealed about someone you see on the school grounds, always report your concern to someone higher). Procedures for arrangement of younger children.Registration.Missing childrenWhile security measures should minimise the risk of children going missing, it is vitally important that you follow the school guidelines. As a teaching assistant, you may be asked to accompany children on school visits & to carry off a group of children. All staff present on such visits should make regular ch ecks that all children are present. Some schools may require all the children to wear hi-visibility vests or other items which make them tardily identifiable during school outings. On discovering children are missing, you must take the following immediate action composing to the teacher responsible.Ensure the presence & safety of the other children by checking the register. Check all surrounding areas from where the child/Children have gone missing, whether it is in the school grounds or during an outing. Inform the child/childrens parents.

Abraham Lincoln and the Suspension of Habeas Corpus

Founding father Benjamin Franklin famously said Those who would give up Essential Liberty, to grease ones palms a little temporary Safety, deserve neither Liberty nor Safety and will lose both. complaisant Liberties are rights and freedoms that protect an individual from the maintain. Civil liberties set limits on the government so that its agents cannot abuse their motive and interfere unduly with the lives of private citizens.In the States, the founding fathers fought hard for complaisant liberties during the revolutionary war, and outlined all of them in the Bill of Rights. Abraham capital of Nebraska is considered to be one of the greatest presidents in American history. capital of Nebraska was the father of the civilised war, and risked so much in order to insure slavery would be put to an end. While Lincoln is usually talked about in a positive light, he actually violated many civil liberties during the civil war.During the Civil War, Lincoln appropriated powers no previ ous President had wielded he used his war powers to beatify a blockade, suspended the writ of habeas head, spent money before Congress appropriated it, and imprisoned between 15,000 and 18,000 pretend Confederate sympathizers without trial. The biggest suspension of civil liberties in the history of the United States was Lincoln suspending the writ of habeas corpus. Habeas Corpus is a legal action, through which a person can seek accompaniment from unlawful detention, or the relief of another person.The writ of habeas corpus protects persons from harming themselves, or from being harmed by the judicial system. Lincoln suspended habeas corpus in order to arrest war protesters under military authority Lincoln did this because he believed state courts would not punish war protestors properly. While Lincoln overall was a great president, he understandably did abuse the power of the presidency during the Civil War. Lincoln suspended habeas corpus without the approval of congress and no one was even consulted to see if a violation of an important civil liberty was worth suspending.While Lincoln suspended habeas corpus in order to stop protesters from creating a riot or even a counter coalition in the union, suspending civil liberties is never justified, even in times of war. The founding fathers of America fought hard and preached about inalienable rights that all people in America should have. In the constitution hold one Section nine clearly states The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended. level though Lincoln was president, he should have never messed with the constitution, the most important document in America.

Andy Warhol and Jackson Pollock Essay

Perhaps the two greatest rebels in the history of modern cunning were Andy Warhol and Jackson pollock. To a great extent, they knocked what was considered traditional art for a real loop with their new and unique approach to what was considered reliable arts. Granted, neither artist was the first to rock the traditional method of presenting Gods and Kings as the centerpiece of the artists canvas.Dadaism, Impressionism and a host of other bearings of art had been slowly, exclusively surely chipping away at the traditional to a greater extents of art for many decades. But, it was Pollock with abstract expressionism and, to a greater degree, Warhol with pop art that truly blew away many of the common conventional themes of the art humans and attracting widespread public attention as mega star artists. Now, some of the more stock(prenominal) critics will visualise at Pollocks abstractions and Warhols elevation of the mundane as something Anyone can do or, worse, I can do that, but as previously stated such criticism is ridiculously trite and based on a step up value (or non-existent) escorting of the earn and legacy of these masters. For Pollock and Jackson, art was far more than simply putting paint to canvas.Yes, their work was visually appealing (again, Warhols work was more appealing, however, on a national level), but this appeal was non limited to merely how good the movie looked. No, there was a unique psychology that captured the throb of public sentiment that drove the popularity of these paintings. In other words, the paintings touched a raw nerve in their audience because the artists had a unique ability to firmly place their finger on the ethnic pulse of a community and it was this that made them so popular. Of course, in order to understand how they were able to place their finger on the pulse of a nation it is also critical to understand what was motivating them, how they achieved their psychological response in their audience, why t he audience was so open to receiving such a psychological response, and what was the dominant cultural themes in parliamentary law at the time that made their work so wildly popular. Much of this will be examined in this essay and from this a clearer understanding of the work and influence of Pollock and Warhol will b derived. Regarding the ways the careers of Pollock and Warhol went against the standard perceptions of Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art, it would be safe to say that neither Pollock nor Warhol was looking to impressment an audience of art critics or maintain their popularity in certain social circles as untold as they were looking to take their work directly to an audience and knock the art military personnel for a loop.In other words, they did non seek to be members of an established club of conventional wisdom or discretion as much as they were looking to completely re-establish the means and methods of how art was perceived and what goals art functioned. In P ollocks case, abstract expressionism was designed more as an understanding of the chaotic nature of the human psyche. For Warhol, pop art was an understanding of the consumer and entertainment driven goal and both rejected the elitism that was so truly common in art critic and fan circles. Regarding consumer culture, the work of Warhol is much easier to decipher on the surface than Pollocks work. As the legend goes, when Warhol was asked to paint the things that mattered most to him he painted Campbell Soup cans because he ate Campbells soup every day. Later, this would expand into the painting of a variety of celebrities and pop cultural icons that were at the heart of commercial entertainment consumerism. To a great degree, Warhol was savagely mocking the former image that the subject of the artists brush need to be gods and kings from antiquity. Instead, Warhol pointed out that modern gods and kings come from the world of entertainment and that they are rooted in commercialism . For Pollock, the connection is more subtle although his bizarre painting style would assume to be anything but. On Pollocks canvas, there is present the images of chaos and a obdurate lack of clarity. (Hence, the painting were abstract) As such, there is not so much a direct firing or presentation of consumerism in a positive or negative light as much as it is an attack on the psyche of the individual who has become a walking ball of awe thanks to media inspired messages of consumerism. In other words, you can not separate the parts from the whole and in the case of Pollock you can not separate the confused mind from the random images that perpetually flush it it. Regarding the relationship between disaster and mass culture, it would see that Warhol did not really have such an alarmist count on of pop culture. In fact, he was more celebratory and embracing of it. Yes, there can be a cynical notion put forth that Warhol may have felt that people were belittling themselves and not living up to their full potential by universe overly reliant on a love of consumerism and popular entertainment and this, of course, can lead to a weakening of the mid but, overall, Warhol did not seem to paint his images as a cautionary tale although it is understandable that some may feel it this way. aft(prenominal) all, if a person felt that popular culture and entertainment were the central focus of a declining culture then Warhols painting would be representative of alarm bells going off. Regarding how contemporary politics affect the careers of both artists this is somewhat of a difficult question to answer because neither Warhol nor Pollock were known for being expository in terms of the means and methods in which they developed their art. Of course, Warhol had produced paintings of John F. Kennedy, but such painting was far more focused on lauding the celebrity nature of Kennedys depiction as irrelevant to an endorsement of his politics. Pollock was seemingly a hum anist in his psychological approach to invoking emotion and did not seem to endorse any politic motivations. Whether or not this made them popular with the public is a somewhat moot point because the public was more interested in the hipness of their work as contrasted to any sincere attempt to decipher meaning. In terms of criticizing pop culture the answer would be Pollock by default as Warhol celebrated consumerism. Pollocks material was far more cerebral and this would seemingly go hand in hand with a rejection of trite consumerism although such an political orientation was probably not Pollocks governing motivation. Again, it is hard to prescribe motives to visionaries mainly because it is difficult to understand where there are coming from since they are the origination point of and ideology and not a whoreson of it. As such, understanding them takes on a unique level of difficulty.

Ethics †Hamburger Essay

pay is an essential fall a dowery of Business. It is imperative to be ethical in this sector as its the scene of action that handles the specie, various ethical regainings fall below this sector for example, unlawful conduct (bribery). Health is also a imperative part of business as a business needs to charter a sanitary ara for employees to work, its even more grand for McDonalds as they make sustenance. Kitchens & the restaurant need to be sanitary. Its rather unorthodox that I put finance and health together, entirely the combination underside bring out an ethical issue which is Bribery.Restaurants Get Health inspections on a regular bases to view they ar kept to a good standard, its not uncommon for a Inspector to be bribed by an owner to give them a good result. Jacksonville October 20111 is a perfect example two manpower were arrested for receiving bribes. The men were giving good results to poor standard restaurants. These restaurants were relieve oneselfd in spite of appearance Jacksonville this means they leave alone receive more than less business, they go forth be lucky to get a few nodes. These Restaurants have acted unethically which is part of the causation for the study decline in customers.McDonalds have had one issue of bribery, this was in Hong Kong. The managing director for McDonalds Hong Kong2 was arrested for accept bribes. The suppliers of McDonalds Hong Kong were bribing him to retard McDonalds used them to supply the major quick food restaurant. This was a major hit to McDonalds as their reputation was tarnished, this had an force on them, and Chinese investors did not call for to invest in an unethical company. McDonalds Finance division need to ensure they begettert bribe inspectors or other bodies that have an pertain on McDonalds, as that can hurt their reputation by a very large amount.McDonalds finance should also allocate money to ensure stores are sanitary this go away give them no reason to be bribed. McDonalds UK are on the right track as they own the far-offms that supplies its stores. Ethics Marketing & benevolent Resource Many good issues occur in Marketing such as discrimination. The implications this can have are catastrophic. McDonalds being a fast food need to ensure that they dont split when advertising a new product (promotional burger).If they discriminate then the person subject to discrimination will feel emotionally hurt, which is bad as plurality around that person will stop release to McDonalds, this will lead to a massive decrease in customers. as they will not want to eat at an unethical restaurant. A prime example of an unethical advert is that of Sony 3 Sony were put under the microscope in late(a) years as they displayed an unethical advert. The Advert was for the PSP (Play Station Portable) the first issue was the detail that they vandalized New York City in order to create its advert, the images painted on the walls was also discriminating to current races.Sony was lucky that people never saw this as the sales of their PSP would have been much lower than it was. McDonalds guide a menu just for Children, this means advertising towards them, in doing this they are hooking young sisterren to the temptations of dissolute Food. This is an ethical issue as they are increasing the rate of obesity. McDonalds have now do their child menus better by giving fruit and veg with each meal. They also denote the fact that fruit is nice and healthy. They are trying to get children to eat more fruit.Competitors of McDonalds have no such philosophy, for example KFC advertise family meals, which is good for social backing but, the food they advertise is high in salt, fat and oil. All of which are bad for the body. McDonalds need to ensure that when creating a new meal they dont discriminate against a race. For example if they make a New Mexican Meal, then they need to make sure they dont advertise in a way that discriminates agains t Mexicans and they dont use any labels within their advert. The HR department helps the marketing department. They tell them various things like, what is considered as discrimination.The HR department must ensure this advert does not discriminate against anyone. HR and marketing also work together when it comes to recruitment, the HR department tells marketing what the criteria for a job is, they must ensure no bias and discrimination is involved within this criteria. The Marketing department will then advertise this to the public. If the advert discriminates against someone then the public will think McDonalds is a poor settle to work. Food Production Food production has many Ethical issues especially for McDonalds as they are a Fast Food business.Selling their food means their will be an increase in obesity which is a major ethical issue, as the life apprehension of people will drop. This Issue is perhaps the biggest save. McDonalds have done well to counter this issue (selli ng healthier meals) they also warn customers what they are eating. The salt content of the Big Mac 4 is 2. 1g this is 42% of a persons passing(a) allowance. Their Medium Fries has 0. 6g of salt this is 12% of a persons daily allowance. Therefore a meal will have 2. 6g of salt which is 54% of your Daily Allowance, and this is just one of your daily meals and yet you have taken in 54% of your daily allowance.As you can see the health risks are very bad. McDonalds have tried to make a healthier menu but the fact is people love the taste of their burgers, and reducing the salt content can have a monumental effect on the taste. Another Major debate is the meat used within Beef burgers. In recent times there has been a major controversy virtually Horse meat 5. Horse union has been found in Beef Burgers at Various stores such as Tesco, Burger king etc These Companies have made Customers afraid of Beef Burgers as they do not love the true ingredients.This issue is big because Tesco was victuals Horse meat to customers without the customer knowing. To make things worse Tesco and other Supermarkets also have traces of Pork within their Beef Burgers, this is a mega breach of trust as people from a Muslim Household are prohibited from eating Pork. Doing this Tesco and other super markets have affected all types of people. McDonalds major Competitor Burger ability has also been selling Beef/Horse Burgers, this has ruined the reputation of Burger King, and it has also made people watchful of most Fast food stores, as they are not sure what kind of meat is in their products.The Implications of Fast Food are both(prenominal) good and bad the good part is that it is fast and convenient. The food itself is also made to be a quality meal, for a small price tag. The bad part of Fast food has already been spoken about, health risks. McDonalds need to create even more diversity when it comes to healthy meals, as the burgers are still favourable they need to make healthy me als more competitive. environmental Implications spheric Warming is a huge issue. All people in the world contribute to Global warming, even breathing contributes towards it.Global warming is the melting of the polar icecaps, this raises the ocean level which means sea level countries will soon be under water. The destruction of the Ozone layer is another issue, if the ozone layer is ruined then the suns rays will be at full strength which means ultra violet radiation therapy will increase causing a high increase in skin cancer. Businesses have been warned about this and are expected to reduce their energy consumption they can do this by finding an secondary power source. McDonalds spends millions on energy and water.But money is not the issue, the environment is seeing a major decline, McDonalds have tried to counter this by finding and alternative energy source for their stores. So far they have only got one which is in America, this store uses geothermal energy to heat the sto re and light(a) it. McDonalds use a lot of packaging it was smart of them to switch to recycled packaging as this helped the environment. They should tell their customers how important Recycling is. Recycling 6 is the process of reusing paper, glass etcIt is an essential part of our eco system as it saves trees from being geld down, this means more oxygen in the air, which helps the planet in various ways, such as straining our resources, this helps mown down Global Warming. Food Production also contributes to Global warming, as they use machinery to produce it, this increases their degree centigrade footprint, taking the size of McDonalds into account it would be hard to acquire the figure of their carbon foot print, but we can assume that it is a very large amount, McDonalds is doing various things to reduce it (environmental projects).Global warming is also very dangerous now as its melting away the homes of various animals such as wintry Bears, the species is in danger bec ause of this. Companies need to cut down on the use of energy to save these animals, and to prolong the life of the Earth Corporate Implications Corporate implications are related to ethics. There are rules and regulations put into place for businesses to follow. These rules are to ensure companies act ethically.McDonalds is doing a great service to the UK as they provide lots of money to government (through tax) they also promote healthy eating, some say this is ironic as they sell fast food, but they are minimising the effect of the ethical issue that is Fast food. Staff at McDonalds needs to know how to act ethically, McDonalds can train staff to do this. McDonalds have been subject to some ethical issue e. g. Hong Kong director arrested for accepting bribes. McDonalds manages need to ensure they comply by the rules put into place to protect both businesses and customers.They must Ensure their legal patents are taken seriously, what i mean by this is the use of their name and log o. Small businesses sometimes copy the brand image of McDonalds as it helps bring in customers due to the customer thinking the store is part of the renowned restaurant.McDonalds has patented their logo to ensure other businesses and competitors cant use their logo in a professional manner. They have also patented all their products consequence people cant use the same recipe to make their products. Theyve also patented the call of each product e. g. Big Mc. In doing this they have ensured people cant copy their brand.Sources 1 http//jacksonville. com/ intelligence/crime/2012-05-01/story/jacksonville-police-arrest-2-state-inspectors-restaurant-bribery-sting 2 http//www. chinacsr. com/en/2007/08/14/1599-mcdonalds-executive-arrested-for-taking-bribes-in-hong-kong/ 3 http//www. ethicsscoreboard. com/list/sony2. hypertext mark-up language 4 http//www. mcdonalds. co. uk/ukhome/more-food/savers-menu. html 5 http//www. telegraph. co. uk/earth/agriculture/supermarkets/9844352/Horse-meat- scandal-Now-Tesco-and-other-supermarkets-admit-to-pork-traces-in-beef-burgers. html 6 http//www. benefits-of-recycling. com/whyisrecyclingimportant/.